namely life cycle assessment, environmental life cycle cost - ing, and social life cycle assessment (Finkbeiner et al. 2010; Kloepffer 2008; UNEP/SETAC 2011). Since the LCSA approach is used in this study to assess the three dimen-sions of traction batteries, the following literature review examines studies that use LCSA methods. Table 1 provides Abstract. Lithium-air batteries are investigated for propulsion aggregates in vehicles as they theoretically offer at least 10 times better energy density than the best battery technology (lithium-ion) of today. A possible input to guide development is expected from Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of the manufacture, use and recycling of the 1. Background and objective. The lifecycle environmental impacts of electric cars are a topic of increasing controversy often originating from biased publications and misused reports. This report considers the life cycle performance of conventional and electric vehicles in Europe. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a methodology, commonly used for This article utilizes the research method of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to scrutinize Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) batteries and Ternary Lithium (NCM) batteries. It develops life cycle models representing the material, energy, and emission flows for power batteries, exploring the environmental impact and energy efficiency throughout the life cycles of these batteries. The life cycle This study aims to identify and compare the lifecycle environmental impacts springing from a novel Al-ion battery, with the current state-of-the-art chemistry, i.e., Li-ion NMC. The global warming potential (GWP) indicator was selected to express the results due to its relevance to society, policy and to facilitate the comparison of our results Life cycle assessment of a lithium-ion battery vehicle pack: LCA of a Li-Ion battery vehicle pack J. Ind. Ecol. , 18 ( 2014 ) , pp. 113 - 124 , 10.1111/jiec.12072 View in Scopus Google Scholar Section 2.4 describes the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) methods applied. 2.1 Sodium-ion battery cells assessed Information about the two SIB cells considered was obtained from a collaboration with an SIB cell manufacturer (Table 1 ). A. Cordoba-Arenas, S. Onori, Y. Guezennec and G. Rizzoni, Capacity and power fade cycle-life model for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle lithium-ion battery cells containing blended spinel and layered-oxide positive electrodes, J. Power Sources, 2015, 278, 473–483 CrossRef CAS. 8zpRtz9.